The inductive mode of specification seen in mammals is also distinct from the cell-autonomous mode of PGC specification mediated by germ plasm in frogs, illustrating the diverse mechanisms of germ cell determination operating in vertebrate embryos.
For I&C failures, the "key themes" are: common-mode failure, specification or coding failure, engineering change failure, regulatory issues, accident investigation, HMI weakness, cyber security, operator error, FMEA failure, and aging I&C.
It should be noted that in the experiments described in this paper, POLQA was used in narrowband mode where the specification defines the estimated MOS listener quality objective output metric (MOS-LQOn, with n signifying narrowband testing) saturating at 4.5.
Our knowledge of the D lineage in Crepidula suggests a fuzzy-logical mode of lineage specification in which phenotypic divergence precedes a definitive cell fate decision.
A similar sev-independent mode of R7 specification has been observed for other negative regulators of the EGFR pathway such as gap1 and sprouty [16]-[18] [16]-[18]
Here, we propose that this 'stochastic' mode of PGC specification is conserved in vertebrates, including non-rodent mammals.
In the preformistic mode of germline specification, the cells in the embryo that inherit this maternal 'germplasm' passively inherit germline identity.
Comparisons across vertebrates support the conclusion that endoderm is specified in two distinct temporal phases in the catshark as in all major osteichthyan lineages, in line with an ancient origin of a biphasic mode of endoderm specification in gnathostomes.
The conserved mode of PGC specification, however, is called epigenesis, which describes a process wherein PGCs are induced from pluripotent cells by extracellular signals (Johnson et al., 2003a,b, 2011).
From an evolutionary standpoint, the reiteration of a biphasic mode of endoderm specification now found in chondrichthyans as in all major osteichthyan lineages supports the hypothesis that it may be an ancestral characteristic of jawed vertebrates (Godard and Mazan, 2013).
