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While the advantages and information content of X-ray crystallography are undisputed, new analytical tools are needed to dissect the binding mode of weak binding and structurally flexible peptides and to identify false-positive hits from high-throughput screenings originating, e.g., from binding artifacts and nonspecific interactions.
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To remove the metal counter-ions and improve the signal levels when ionizing in the negative nanoelectrospray mode, vapors of weak acids such as acetic acid and formic acid can be mixed with the curtain gas and introduced in front of the instrument interface.
The binding mode of these weak ligands was characterized by a combination of NMR data and docking calculations and was confirmed using fragment homologues, highlighting the role of hydroxyl functions.
The modes of toxicity of weak acids are not easily elucidated.
A theoretical development proposed in this study extends the traditional modal analysis to reconstructing the discrete time series of weak modes, thereby removing its previous limitations to only frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes.
The results have shown that the proposed blind method gives a better estimation of weak modes from response signals of small SNR and gives a reliable separation of spurious and physical estimates.
The results further demonstrated that a large model order is required to estimate all poles and residues of the original noisy signals, and that the row number corresponding to a weak mode of the isolated pole matrix could be easily determined via finite element analysis or engineering experiences.
Third, and perhaps, somewhat more disturbingly, I find the logic in the Discussion regarding exon definition being the ancestral mode of splicing to be weak, at best, and rather hard to follow.
Special high-speed-sync flash modes use a rapid burst of weak flashes, each exposing a fraction of the frame; they greatly reduce flash range and so are rarely helpful).
Shear was the "weakest mode of failure".
Biomass tensile and shear ultimate failure stresses were measured with the aim of identifying biomass "weakest mode of failure" or "natural fracture point" as a basis for future grinder designs.
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