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Coding of information in the peripheral olfactory system depends on two fundamental factors: interaction of individual odors with subsets of the odorant receptor repertoire and mode of signaling that an individual receptor-odor interaction elicits, activation or inhibition.
We demonstrated that the differentiation of osteoblast precursors into a mature osteoblasts is induced using the solid BMP-2 induction mode, suggesting that this mode of signaling mimics the BMP-2 signaling that occurs in vivo in bone tissue.
One such representative mode of signaling is the use of indole, an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound that is produced by over 85 species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and used as an extracellular signal for global coordination of various bacterial species [90].
This mode of signaling has been shown to occur for the cadherin-like aGPCR CELSR/Flamingo (Fmi) of Drosophila melanogaster (Usui et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2008).
This non-canonical mode of signaling adds complexity to the paradigm of PTKs as cytoplasmic signal transducers in regulating cellular responses to extracellular stimuli.
The mode of signaling may be either direct, as SP has been found associated with brain tissues [ 34], or indirect, by influencing the physiology of other tissues, like the internal reproductive tissues and associated neurons, which may produce signaling molecules that influence gene expression at distant sites in the body [ 30].
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This nonclassical mode of signalling system cross-talk, in distinction to receptor activation induced by cognate ligands, has been termed 'signal transactivation'.
Modes of signaling in fibroblasts can differ substantially depending on whether these cells are in their natural three-dimensional environment compared to artificial two-dimensional culture conditions.
A striking characteristic of these photoreceptors is their different modes of signaling in different organisms, including interaction with other membrane proteins, interaction with cytoplasmic transducers and light-controlled Ca2+ channel activity.
In this study, we wished to characterize the relative importance of these two modes of signaling to the regulation of genes involved in ribosomal biogenesis.
Perhaps the UNC-6/netrin-UNC-40/DCC system has different modes of signaling that activate different effectors, leading to different outcomes.
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