Parametric bootstrapping with 1000 replicates was used to evaluate the sum of squared deviations (SSD) between observed and expected mismatch distribution, the raggedness index of Harpending (HRag) [ 57], the mode of the mismatch distribution, and the upper and lower 95% confidence limits around the estimate of τ.
Time (in generations) since expansion can be calculated as τ/2 µ [32], [37], [38] where τ corresponds to the mode of the mismatch distribution and µ is the mutation rate per generation for the sequence under study.
The population expands from an initial θ0 to θ1 in τ units of mutational time (τ is also the mode of the mismatch distribution), where θ = 2Ne * µ (Ne is the effective population size for females and µ is mutation rate per generation for the sequence studied).
Assuming a constant mutation rate of 10-6 per site per generation (one estimate used for a closely related lemur species [ 33]) and using the range of modes obtained for the samples, we can calculate the time of the expansions as tau*/(2× mu), where tau* is the mode of the mismatch distribution and mu is the mutation rate for the whole sequence.
We estimated the time since expansion with the equation τ = 2 ut [ 19], where τ is the mode of the mismatch distribution, an index of time since expansion expressed in units of mutational time, u is the mutation rate for the whole sequence, and t is the time since expansion.
For estimating the expansion time t, we adopted: (3) where t is the expansion time in number of generations, τ is the mode of the mismatch distribution, and u is the mutation rate per generation for the entire DNA sequence [ 54, 55].
Effect of mode mismatching including mismatching in propagation constant on operation of the considered device is studied.
One of the main mechanisms to fabricate these nanometer-sized structures is the Stranski Krastanov growth mode of epitaxial lattice mismatch materials [1 3].
The results have been interpreted in terms of the influence of the excitation beam size as well as the degree of mode-mismatching of the excitation and probe beams on the optimum sample position and on the amplitude and decay of the photothermal signal.
With the increase of the height of mismatch, the asymmetric mode becomes symmetric at Δ = 25 nm.
