Basic characteristics of forest growth conditions and the modes of forest management in pine forests are given in Table 2.
For this end, Kuuluvainen (2009) suggested a relatively simple conceptual model of forest dynamics, which separates three major modes of forest dynamics, and incorporates state changes and transitions between the forest dynamics modes depending on changes in disturbance regime.
Concerning boreal forests, this development led to an adoption of a simple dichotomic concept of two distinct and in space and time alternating cyclic modes of forest dynamics (Fig. 3).
Key features of the conceptual model illustrated in Fig. 5 are coverage of a wide range of different kinds of forest dynamics and flexibility of state changes between modes of forest dynamics, which can take place when the driving disturbance regime type changes.
Kuuluvainen (2009) introduced a simple conceptual model that is based on distinguishing three main categories or modes of forest dynamics (see also Angelstam and Kuuluvainen 2004, Fig. 5): (1) Even-aged dynamics, driven by repeated stand-replacing disturbances, (2) Cohort dynamics, driven by partial disturbances, and (3) Gap dynamics, driven by tree mortality at fine scale.
Figure 5 shows a comprehensive conceptual model of forest dynamics with three broad modes of dynamics and their relationships (Kuuluvainen 2009).
The natural age structure of wet eucalypt forest has important implications for biodiversity conservation and the mode of wood production.
The prevalence of these modes of boreal forest dynamics in Fennoscandian research literature was reviewed by Kuuluvainen and Aakala (2011).
The main objectives of the present work were to study the mode of regeneration and forest dynamics of Q. pyrenaica in several types of stands: young forests, mature and previously perturbed forests, and abandoned Pinus reforestations.
Selective logging of marketable, large trees has been a major mode of commercial timber production in Southeast Asian tropical rain forests.
