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Aquatic hyphomycetes are primarily dispersed as spores in river currents; however, this mode of dispersal does not explain the global distributions of many aquatic hyphomycetes, including T. marchalianum.
A fraction of them disperse, in which case they disperse randomly over all patches, following an "island" or "global" mode of dispersal.
We also considered SAR for different ecological groups of species based on their shade tolerance and their mode of dispersal, as species can respond differently to habitat reduction depending on their ecological characteristics.
However, for most other plant taxa it is not known whether this mode of dispersal occurs at all.
Advantages and disadvantages of this mode of dispersal must be studied in the future in order to further understand the role of collective silk balls in the colonization of new habitats.
The likelihood that a community will have received immigrant species is greatly due to its proximity to a seaport or other major point of entry and also the frequency, speed, and mode of dispersal of the immigrants themselves [35].
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Moreover, archaeologists disagree about the routes and modes of dispersal as well as its timing.
Eight species were parameterised to broadly represent different stage structure, population densities and modes of dispersal.
The regulatory important group of terrestrial non-target arthropods is not listed since the possibilities of validation depend very much on the species and their specific features (e.g. developmental stages, modes of dispersal).
Thus, although the passive downstream dispersal of spores is the primary mode of aquatic hyphomycete dispersal, alternative modes of dispersal and their frequencies require attention.
Alternative modes of dispersal, enabling dispersal across terrestrial barriers, must also occur to generate the broad, nearly cosmopolitan distributions observed for most species of aquatic hyphomycetes [41].
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