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The EA pattern is the leading mode of climate variability over the North Atlantic and surrounding continents representing a north-south dipole of pressure centers47.
The Madden-Julian Oscillation is another mode of climate variability that also influences convection in the equatorial Pacific, and can in turn influence the development or demise of El Niño events.
This exchange is modulated by variations of the Arctic Oscillation, a large-scale mode of climate variability, also referred to as the Northern Hemisphere annular mode (Thompson and Wallace 1998).
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A powerful advantage of using analytical groundwater equations such as the WTR is that they allow us to directly assess the spatial sensitivity of the mode of climate-groundwater interactions.
Kenyon, J. & Hegerl, G. C. Influence of modes of climate variability on global temperature extremes.
Modes of climate variability, particularly the El Niño Southern Oscillation ENSOO), are often presented as a risk to global food security.
Here, for the first time, we estimate the relative contribution of major modes of climate variability to crop yield variability at the global scale.
We find that modes of climate variability account for ~18%, 7% and 5% of globally aggregated maize, soy and wheat production variability, respectively.
Triggers for cold anomalies are linked to variable combinations of freshwater pulses, low total solar irradiance, explosive and effusive volcanism, and internal modes of climate variability, with cooling likely sustained by ocean/sea-ice feedbacks.
There is increasing evidence that the distribution of hydrometeorological variables such as average or extreme rainfall/runoff is modulated by modes of climate variability in many regions of the world.
Open image in new window Fig. 1 Modes of climate change.
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