However, it is has been recognized that this mode of PCR bias is highly reproducible and, therefore, at least for comparative studies, its impact can be mitigated by maintaining consistent amplification methods and conditions.
The electrochemical etching was performed under a constant current density mode of different biases in a Teflon bath.
After that, the electrochemical etching system was operated under a constant current density mode of different biases in a Teflon bath.
We recognize that mode of collection may bias estimates of global colonization and/or serodistribution.
This study is limited by its retrospective nature, partially complete clinical data, including a lack of accurate information about the timing of certain manifestations, such as hypocalcaemia, infections and mode of death, and biases related to the possible under-recognition of an unknown proportion of patients with the deletion.
As other influencing parameters were equal (e.g. sampling frame, nonresponse bias, mode of asking, point in time of the survey), the deviating results are assumed to have resulted from the different measurement techniques.
We extracted risk of bias items, modes of intervention delivery, study design, study flow, participant details, outcome measures, and funding source.
This was an observational study, and although we adjusted for available confounders including the mode of data documentation, other biases cannot be excluded.
If the primary mode of cultural transmission was indirect bias, then we might predict that such suboptimal traits may have hindered scientific progress more than commonly assumed, as subsequent generations wasted effort in acquiring these traits and devoted less time to innovation.
This was the first study to undertake a rigorous examination of the psychometric properties of the DASS-21 using Rasch analysis and to assess item bias by mode of administration (pen and pencil versus web-based).
