Steatosis is visualized as increased echogenicity with bright liver echo pattern on ultrasound B-mode examination and increased attenuation.
Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography included two-dimensional and M-mode examination, pulsed Doppler analysis of mitral flow, and continuous Doppler analysis of tricuspid regurgitation.
Left ventricular wall dimensions and systolic parameters are summarized in Table 3. M-mode examination revealed that LVESD was significantly increased by HS and was associated with reductions in percent fractional shortening.
M-mode examination was performed according to American Society of Echocardiography guidelines [ 13] LV mass was determined using standard formula, as follows: Left ventricular mass = 0.8 × (1.04 × (LVEDD + PWTd + SWTd) – (LVEDD)) + 0.6 [ 13].
Current efforts are focused on adapting the system developed for operation in pulse-echo mode; this would allow examination and diagnosis of bones with limited access such as hip bone.
In addition to standard 2-dimensional echocardiography the centers were also encouraged to perform Doppler ultrasound and M-mode examinations on a voluntary basis.
M-mode examinations were performed using a dedicated small-animal high-resolution imaging unit (Vevo 770; VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) and a 40-MHz high-frequency linear transducer (RMV 707B; VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada).
Ultrasound B-mode examinations have a resolution of 150 μ, while current OCT scanners have less than 5 μ resolution.
An interference pattern is produced by splitting a beam of light into two paths, bouncing the beams back (one from the targeted tissue, the other from a reference mirror) and recombining them by using semitransparent mirrors. 2 OCT measurements are similar to those of ultrasound B-mode examinations, but have much higher resolution since light is used instead of sound waves.
Second, we used information of age of diagnosis at first examination and different modes (normal, adenoma, and cancer), together with the technique of Markov model to yield the estimates of the disease natural history model including adenoma carcinoma and de novo carcinoma.
ioUS, an easily repeatable examination, and multiple B-mode scan are performed during tumor debulking, assessing constantly the thickness of the remaining lesion.
