Left ventricular wall dimensions and systolic parameters are summarized in Table 3. M-mode examination revealed that LVESD was significantly increased by HS and was associated with reductions in percent fractional shortening.
Steatosis is visualized as increased echogenicity with bright liver echo pattern on ultrasound B-mode examination and increased attenuation.
Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography included two-dimensional and M-mode examination, pulsed Doppler analysis of mitral flow, and continuous Doppler analysis of tricuspid regurgitation.
M-mode examination was performed according to American Society of Echocardiography guidelines [ 13] LV mass was determined using standard formula, as follows: Left ventricular mass = 0.8 × (1.04 × (LVEDD + PWTd + SWTd) – (LVEDD)) + 0.6 [ 13].
M-mode examinations were performed using a dedicated small-animal high-resolution imaging unit (Vevo 770; VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) and a 40-MHz high-frequency linear transducer (RMV 707B; VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada).
Ultrasound B-mode examinations have a resolution of 150 μ, while current OCT scanners have less than 5 μ resolution.
In addition to standard 2-dimensional echocardiography the centers were also encouraged to perform Doppler ultrasound and M-mode examinations on a voluntary basis.
An interference pattern is produced by splitting a beam of light into two paths, bouncing the beams back (one from the targeted tissue, the other from a reference mirror) and recombining them by using semitransparent mirrors. 2 OCT measurements are similar to those of ultrasound B-mode examinations, but have much higher resolution since light is used instead of sound waves.
After the NanoMaxx ultrasound machine underwent a software upgrade in January 2012, allowing the additional modality of time-motion mode, the examination included documenting visible sliding through capture of a typical 'seashore' image using M-mode [9, 12].
The spot size for the traditional mode, under examination in this study, is 6.5 mm.
This is not definitive but it does seem there are certain factors and modes of examination that either gender may fare better with.
