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We used a dataset comprising 81 monitoring sites, sampled in 1966 and again in 1996, and containing 422 species for which growth form, regeneration mode, dispersal distance and abundances at both the local (site) and meta-community scales are known.
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In orbweb spiders, ballooning is the best understood mode of dispersal, and although the literature fails to demonstrate Nephila dispersal via ballooning, we agree with other authors [ 20, 25] that Nephila must do so.
Aquatic hyphomycetes are primarily dispersed as spores in river currents; however, this mode of dispersal does not explain the global distributions of many aquatic hyphomycetes, including T. marchalianum.
A fraction of them disperse, in which case they disperse randomly over all patches, following an "island" or "global" mode of dispersal.
We also considered SAR for different ecological groups of species based on their shade tolerance and their mode of dispersal, as species can respond differently to habitat reduction depending on their ecological characteristics.
These were meta-community spread, meta-community species abundance, growth form, regeneration mode and dispersal distance.
However, for most other plant taxa it is not known whether this mode of dispersal occurs at all.
Advantages and disadvantages of this mode of dispersal must be studied in the future in order to further understand the role of collective silk balls in the colonization of new habitats.
The likelihood that a community will have received immigrant species is greatly due to its proximity to a seaport or other major point of entry and also the frequency, speed, and mode of dispersal of the immigrants themselves [35].
Many species, however, have more than one mode of dispersal.
This latter mode of dispersal may accelerate the expansion of WCR in Europe in the future.
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