The technique is based on sliding-mode and variable structure control theories.
With the additional hypothesis that the fatigue crack growth rate and direction can be determined from mixed-mode crack tip plasticity (dρI/dt and dρII/dt), it becomes possible to predict fatigue crack growth under I/II mixed-mode and variable amplitude loading conditions.
In these habitats they excavate diverse tunnel systems reflecting different reproductive modes and variable diets in different plant tissues.
This review provides an overview of the currently available knowledge and correlations between the particular properties of saccharides, e.g. their structural and physico-chemical characteristics, and membrane separation principles considering the potential influence of the operational modes and variables on the separation efficiency.
The discordance in results among studies could be caused by contextual factors (differences in populations of patients and usual practice within units) or intervention factors (differences in determining readiness to wean, ventilator modes, and variables used in weaning protocols).
In contrast, the best MLR model contained 4 variables in 3 categories, 3 of the 13 variables also were used by the ANN model (VT, PaCO2, ventilator mode) and one variable was new (race: 1 = African-American).
It has many useful features such as visualizing of the progress and the results of optimization in a dynamic or static mode, and decision variable settings.
A reference signal, a sliding mode, and a variable structure control input are designed so that the sliding mode is reached in a finite time, and then the reference signal and the cost function keeps increasing or decreasing for maximum and minimum, respectively in the sliding mode until the extremum is attained.
By Lyapunov stability theory with control terms, two suitable sliding surfaces are proposed to ensure the stability of the controlled closed-loop system in sliding mode, and two variable structure controllers (VSC) are designed to guarantee the hitting of the sliding surfaces.
