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The resultant models offer features that extend single modality paradigms in predictive function.
Both auditory and visual modality paradigms have been employed but visual modality tasks have been the most utilized and have included visual recognition [ 25, 26], visual semantic similarity decisions [ 27– 29], visual semantic categorisation tasks [ 20, 30] and visual lexical decision tasks [ 6, 24, 31– 31].
Furthermore, it is predicted that the next-generation molecular imaging modalities will continuously advance in multi-modality paradigm, such as the recent development of PET/MRI and SPCET/CT [111].
Using the cross-modality paradigm, in the present study we investigated pre-attentive processing of face expressions by recording the expression-related visual mismatch negativity (expression MMN, EMMN).
Vast research has studied concentration in the context of a within-modality paradigm, whereby the to-be-attended targets and the to-be-ignored distracters are presented in the same, visual modality (Lavie, 2010).
Our way of circumventing this problem is to use a cross-modal paradigm wherein targets and distracters are presented in different modalities.
This will enable dual-modality image reconstruction paradigms to be developed and tested prior to implementation of EEG-optical tomography to the study of neonatal seizure.
The increasing acceptance of Aristotle's philosophy gave support to traditional modal paradigms in logical treatises on modalities, in metaphysical theories of the principles of being, and in the discussions of causes and effects in natural philosophy.
There are four modal paradigms in ancient philosophy: the frequency interpretation of modality, the model of possibility as a potency, the model of antecedent necessities and possibilities with respect to a certain moment of time (diachronic modalities), and the model of possibility as non-contradictoriness.
In line with this "visual dominance", earlier studies on attentional switching showed a clear benefit for visual stimuli in a bimodal visual auditory modality-switch paradigm that required spatial stimulus localization in the relevant modality.
In line with the present N170 effect in oddball sequence, using similar cross-modality oddball paradigm one recent study showed that deviant expressional faces elicited larger N170 than frequent neutral faces, resulting in the occipital negativity at the latency of 150-180 ms, and the authors considered that the N170 could be suitable counterpart of visual EMMN [ 21].
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