Treatment modalities for severe acute respiratory failure prior to ECMO initiation are presented in Table 2.
More recently, EPS has been advocated as an effective treatment modality for several pancreatic disorders, including severe chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocyst, ampulloma, pancreas divisum, and pancreatic sphincter dysfunction.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly being utilized as a viable supportive treatment modality for acute severe refractory cardiorespiratory failure [1]-[3].
20 Other newer treatment modalities tried for severe treatment-resistant AD include mycophenolate mofetil, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and the new TNF-α inhibitors or "biologic" treatments designed for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis 20 (Table 2).
Because of encouraging outcomes from the CESAR trial [ 5] and success with ECMO in patients with influenza A (H1N1) and ARDS [ 8- 10], standard veno-venous ECMO has been proposed as the modality of choice for severe acute respiratory failure (ARF) without cardiac dysfunction [ 11, 12].
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is a well estabished treatment modality for patients with severe disorders of the hematopoietic system.
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a frequently used modality for critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury who cannot tolerate intermittent hemodialysis due to hemodynamic instability [1].
Targeted radiotherapy with I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is an effective treatment modality for neuroblastoma and rarely causes severe toxicity [ 4, 5].
It seems that a sufficiently long comprehensive psychiatric inpatient treatment including individual psychotherapy and family sessions may be an effective treatment modality for suicide attempter adolescents with severe psychiatric problems [ 2, 6].
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a frequently used modality for critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury who cannot tolerate intermittent hemodialysis due to hemodynamic instability [ 1].
