MRI is the imaging modality that offers the highest accuracy in diagnosing GA and, in particular, in differentiating GA from gallbladder carcinoma (accuracy 93.0%) [28].
Over the past few decades, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved into a powerful imaging modality that offers functional imaging in addition to anatomical information.
Complete surgical resection is the only treatment modality that offers hope for cure, resulting in 5 year survival for 36-60% [ 8- 11].
Admittedly, surgery is still the one modality that offers the potential of cure, but is likely reaching its limit of benefit.
This is very useful in cases of CT or MR studies that cannot be carried out with contrast administration, with CEUS being the only modality that offers dynamic assessment of perfusion of the organ in question.
Liver transplant is the only treatment modality that offers a cure both for HCC and the underlying liver disease, but its application is limited both in Eastern Asia and the West.
Optical imaging is a relatively new imaging modality that offers real-time and nonradioactive and high-resolution imaging of fluorophores in lesion sites, but it is difficult to detect a deep tissue using this technique [ 64].
The fall in PD utilisation is a concern since PD is a precious renal replacement modality that offers patients the convenience of home treatment, flexible schedule and increased freedom perception, less haemodynamic instability issues, and higher quality of life [ 7].
To this end, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) provides a critical imaging modality that offers the ability to investigate these materials at the nanometer scale with essentially no sample preparation or perturbation, using a distinctive 'biophysical' methodology.
The use of IVUS has increased over the years and is currently in the process of being incorporated into several modalities that will offer more in the way of real-time information in both the aortic arena and the treatment of increasingly complex peripheral vascular disease.
