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Both Darwinian and Lamarckian modalities of evolution appear to be important, and reflect different aspects of the interaction between populations and the environment.
Generally, it appears to be a distinct possibility that genome degradation and streamlining is one of the quantitatively dominant modalities of evolution.
The discussion in the paper centers on the interaction between germ line and soma but towards the end the authors notice that the complementarity between the two modalities of evolution is likely to be a general phenomenon relevant to all kinds of organisms.
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Darwin emphasized the evolutionary importance of genuinely random, undirected variation whereas the Lamarckian modality of evolution is centered at directed variation that is specifically caused by environmental factors.
This association is most likely not spurious: it stands to reason that strong signals from the environment trigger (quasi Lamarckian processes whereas relatively weak signals ("business as usual") are conducive to the Darwinian modality of evolution.
Reviewer 2: Eugene V. Koonin (NCBI, NLM, NIH, United States) In this essay, written in the unusual format of an interview with fictional, generic 'Evolutionist' and 'Ecologist', Case and Boucher discuss the concepts of Tree of Life and species in the light of extensive HGT that is now universally recognized as a major modality of evolution in the prokaryote world.
Of course, despite the substantial mechanistic differences, the Lamarckian and Darwinian schemes are similar in that both are essentially adaptive in the final outcome and in that regard are radically different from random drift (which may be denoted the "Wrightian modality of evolution", after Sewall Wright, the originator of the key concept of random genetic drift [ 23]).
The two extreme cases (Var → 0 and Var describe the two opposing modalities of molecular evolution: MC and unconstrained UPM. The range of intermediate regimes can be referred to as "constrained universal pacemaker" or "relaxed molecular clock" (e.g., as described in Renner [2005]).
The finding that stasis is the prevailing modality of H3N2 evolution suggests that antigenic changes that lead to an increase in fitness typically result from epistatic interactions between several amino acid substitutions in the HA and, perhaps, other viral proteins.
Each modality goes through a cyclical pattern of evolution.
The breadth of oncology practice (both patients and treatment modalities), the rapid evolution of new treatments and the often diverse interpretation of 'evidence' by health-care professionals mean many patients are treated with hospital-specific protocols rather than national guidelines.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com