Despite the growing popularity of high-intensity cross-training (HICT), little is currently known about the effects of this mixed modality exercise stimulus on arterial stiffness.
These include the motor aspect of exercise [ 10, 11]; and combined modality exercise interventions to address the limitations of repeatedly evaluating a single component of exercise training in relation to cognition [ 12].
Inconsistency in the efficacy of BR supplementation to improve high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in previous studies can be attributed, in part, to inter-study differences in participant training status, exercise modality, exercise protocol, and NO3− supplementation procedures.
All participants are asked to complete 4 5 days per week of mixed modality exercise incorporating aerobic, resistance and flexibility training, all training programs are prescribed based on the FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type.
For example, training modalities in exercise studies have included cycling, pool exercise, walking, muscle strength exercises, stretching, and others.
In the guidelines the effectiveness of several treatment modalities (specifically exercise training, breathing exercises, peripheral and respiratory muscle training) was reported and evidence based recommendations for the application of these modalities in physical therapy programmes were made.
Different modalities of exercise exert distinct physiological and health benefits.
Massage, traction/mobilisation and stretching were the next most common modalities after exercise, and were applied in approximately half of patients [Table 2].
Other modalities like exercise therapy, therapeutic ultrasound and low level laser therapy are also described in the literature, being commonly used for the conservative treatment of CTS [ 17].
The conservative treatment studies included passive physical therapy modalities and/or exercise therapy (10 studies), or injection therapy (corticosteroids or dextrose, 9 studies).
