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For the standard deviation above the modal year, the results are quite different.
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The standard deviation (sd) of age at death serves as an indicator of overall uncertainty concerning health status and the sd above the modal year (where the number of deaths in adulthood reaches its maximum) as an indicator of uncertainty surrounding health status among the elderly.
The modal year for the step changes for both TRP concentration and flux was 1997.
The sd above the modal year is calculated in analogy to the overall sd, (5).
The sd above the modal year exhibits a less regular pattern than the overall sd, mainly due to shifts in the age with maximum mortality.
However, sd above the modal year began to fall in the early 1980s only.
VAD: Variability of age at death of country i in year t measured by the overall sd and the sd above the modal year, calculated according to Eqs. (4), (5).
Most were formed in the 5 years prior to the study, 1997 was the modal year.
They suggest that individuals in industrialized countries have been exposed to less uncertainty regarding their longevity (and presumably health status) since the 1960s, although differences between countries and subperiods (especially for the sd above the modal year) persist.
A 10percentt increase 10 years earlier goes along with a percent increase of the standard deviation above the modal year.
Therefore, the standard deviation above the modal year will be used to measure compression of mortality, which increasingly occurs at higher ages (see the example of Sweden again in Figure 1).
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