The difference hinges on how much of the sentence the modal word modifies.
Cross-modal word repetition was used so that perceptual implicit memory would also be limited.
A comparable effect started at around 400 ms in cross-modal word onset priming (e.g., Friedrich, 2005; Friedrich, Kotz, Friederici, & Alter, 2004; Friedrich, Kotz, Friederici, & Gunter, 2004).
The first aim of the present study was to test the efficacy of intensive, cross-modal word recognition training in a group of nine patients with pure alexia.
Between 300 and 400 ms, a so-called P350 effect has been obtained in both unimodal and cross-modal word onset priming (e.g., Friedrich, 2005; Friedrich, Kotz, Friederici, & Alter, 2004; Friedrich, Kotz, Friederici, & Gunter, 2004; Friedrich et al., 2009; Schild et al., 2012).
This effect has not been obtained in cross-modal audio visual word onset priming (e.g., Friedrich, 2005; Friedrich, Kotz, Friederici, & Alter, 2004; Friedrich, Kotz, Friederici, & Gunter, 2004).
In other words, modal claims such as "There might have been Aliens" (formalized, once again, as (1)) can be interpreted to be true in virtue of the actual existence of objects that are nonconcrete (and hence which are not Aliens) at our world, but which are Aliens (and hence concrete) at some other possible world.
Tsai (2015a) argues for the hierarchical structure in 17 by using the following empirical phenomena: co-occurrence restrictions of modals, effects on the entailment relation, and co-occurrence restrictions of modals and negative words.
In other words, the modal argument does not distinguish ordinary names from a broad class of "particularized" definite descriptions.
