The modal split used by residents to travel to service providers is in turn dependent on the centrality level of the settlement as the fraction of public transport increases with a higher level of centrality.
The simulation of the multimodal network have been carried out using the software EMME for auto and transit assignment [15] while the estimation of the new public transport modal split was carried out using a modal choice model, specifically calibrated for the context of the urban area of Rome.
Data on modal split and user costs is used to assess transport policy developments.
Using the distances to the different locations providing basic functions for residents (and using demographic information and modal split information explained later), the ELAS calculator is able to evaluate the part of the impact of settlements and buildings related to their locations.
In literature, very few works have been developed for freight transportation at international level; most of them are simple models that neglect modal split and path choices and are used to support the estimation of freight transportation quantities.
The work of Mckinnon [4] and Tacken et al. [5] indicates that the practices to reduce CO2 generated from road transport sectors can be clustered into the following four main elements: modal split, vehicle fuel efficiency, carbon intensity of fuel used and road freight transport network optimization and consolidation.
In fact, the improvement of the public transport services involves a meaningful variation in the modal split when an incisive additional cost is imposed on the individual use of the car.
Modal split (the distribution of transport demand per modality).
Table 3 Land use and mobility indicators range for Rome traffic zones Population Employees Pop/ha Emp/ha Transit modal split Rail stops Generation Attraction Minimum value 163 48 0.0080.008 2.34 0.10 0 Average value 17,452 7,834 66 32 26.84 18.72 2 Maximum value 77,927 57,306 256 342 54.33 61.62 7.
This is due on the one hand to the large fraction of energy used in buildings (in particular in Europe) and on the other hand to the considerable influence the way settlements are situated has on other energy uses, in particular by shaping mobility requirements of residents and modal split of travels.
