Davis didn't measure bicycle use in the 1960s or 1970s, but, with a share of 30% in 1980, it would be safe to assume the modal share was far higher in the preceding two decades.
Across London an average of 2.5% of adults cycle to work, but this city-wide figure hides huge variations: while Hackney's cycle-to-work modal share is almost 9%, Enfield's is just 0.9%.
Car dependency and associated car modal share is increasing in the vast majority of metropolitan areas throughout the world, and an important contributory factor lies in the lack of clear and effective integration of land use with transportation.
However, in Mainland China, Shanghai has the world's largest urban rail transit system, but its modal share is only 50%, while the national average modal share is only approximately 10% [8].
As regards extra-urban trips, the modal share is completely different; public transport declines to 27% (probably due to less frequent services with less extra-urban coverage), while the car is the preferred mode with about 70% of the total; motorbikes are less widely used for this trip type, amounting to 3% of the total.
It is shown that modal shares are very sensitive to the cost of rail and to that of track gauge changes at the Spanish border.
In the off-peak timeframe, 12 30 15:00, the modal shares are the same as the morning peak-hours, as previously anticipated, with a worker demand level of about 110,000.
In any case, the presence and the quality of transit services also seem to affect the generation and attraction transit modal shares which are decreasing from zone 1 to zone 4 (Table 5) following the current metro configuration (two radial lines inside the GRA with a unique interchange in the city centre).
Cycle use is highest on the campus, with 50% modal share (lecture rooms are distant, timings tight).
The level of transit modal share seems to be also correlated with the level of supply: the maximum level of transit modal split corresponds to the maximum number of rail and metro stops within the zone.
