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It is an adaptation of the TCP congestion control mechanism with some parameters provided by the routing layer (mobility nodes and the size of routing length).
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where 'd' and 'k' denote the average distance of communication between mobile nodes and mobility proportion variable, respectively.
Social beings such as humans may act as a carrier of mobile nodes, and therefore mobility pattern of node follows a social-based movement model.
To adapt mobility node registration and resignation, procedures are carried out whenever nodes join or leave the MANET clusters.
Unfortunately, route failures frequently occur in MANETs because of the mobile nodes' mobility and limited energy resources.
Also, we can consider two kind of client nodes mobility, nodes mobility inside the nodes administrative domain and between the administrative domains.
It is clear that all the schemes construct large clusters with low mobility of nodes and smaller clusters over higher mobility.
NMDLE and PSMLE consider the mobility of nodes, and we present two management schemes of energy for different mobility scenarios.
Such networks rely on the mobility of nodes and the resulting opportunistic connections to carry messages from source to destination.
The choice of nodes in the proposed algorithm is based on the characteristics of mobility of nodes and contacts between nodes.
This technique predicts the lifetime of link and node in the available bandwidth based on the parameters like relative mobility of nodes and energy drain rate, etc.
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