3G-to-WLAN: IP mobility messages (BU/BA) are sent via the WLAN interface to inform the home agent about the flow(s) handoff(s).
An MN is designed to exchange numerous mobility messages, including binding updates and binding acknowledgments when it changes its network link, thereby quickly depleting its energy.
Depending on the type of the handover, the control overhead is different: 3G-to-WLAN: IP mobility messages (BU/BA) are sent via the WLAN interface to inform the home agent about the flow(s) handoff(s).
Upon detection and flow handover decision, the mobile router configures an IPv6 address valid on the VANET and sends the required IP mobility messages (i.e., flow binding updates) to its home agent, so it can proceed to forward packets belonging to the offloaded flow(s) to the IPv6 address configured in the VANET.
WLAN-to-3G: In this case, in addition of the IP mobility messages (sent via the 3G interface), the TREBOL parent node predicting an imminent loss of connectivity informs those nodes down in the tree that are sending traffic through it, so they can switch to 3G before the WLAN connectivity is lost.
Section 3 introduces the motivation and the framework of our proposal based on simple ad hoc network capabilities like node mobility and message broadcasting.
In fact, the NeMHIP protocol ensures security properties not only to the end-to-end data exchanges, but also to the network mobility management message exchanges.
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That is, upon complexion of the NeMHIP association establishment process, two independent and parallel SAs are established, one between the MR and the CN that is used to protect mobility management messages and the other between the MNN and the CN, to protect user data messages.
There will also be unnecessary frequent mobility management messages exchanged in dense cells.
