Signaling cost has two major components: (i) signaling cost related to the mobility management and (ii) signaling cost related to the packet transmission [39].
Our proposed methods adopt the mobility management concept through the MS speed cost function to minimize the GoS.
In a real scenario, if a mobility management protocol has a high signalling cost, the control plane implemented in the mobility management protocol introduces a high amount of signalling messages.
The mobility management entity (MME) manages UE access and mobility, and establishes the bearer path for UE's.
Besides, [11] took into account the users mobility terminal-controlled mobility terminal-controlleder aspects such as the cost, the battery life cycle and the handover frequency.
Meanwhile, D-PMIPv6 can improve the performance in terms of the packet delivery cost compared to other mobility management schemes.
Middle-domain mobility management provides an efficient routing, low registration cost and handoff latency for layer 3 (IP layer) 802.16-based mobile network environment.
In a real scenario, if a mobility management protocol has a high packet delivery cost, the forwarding plane introduces overhead to the network when the packets are sent or received using the tunnelling mechanism.
Therefore, efficiency in terms of signaling cost of the network mobility management procedure enhances the performance of user applications, while facilitating the introduction of future network services and thus, a successful penetration of ITS technologies.
