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Moreover, without sufficient land or mobility, livestock managers have difficulty allowing for the full recovery of intensively used areas around traditional boma sites.
In terms of sustainability of pastoral systems on the African continent, the key issues are mobility, livestock diversity, livelihood diversification and preservation of pastoral traditions and indigenous knowledge (Ayantunde et al. 2000).
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It is however important to note that in Karamoja, a distinction ought to be made between the pastoral mobility and livestock herd mobility.
Mobility of livestock herds without the entire household mobility has similarly been observed, for example among the Fulani of Ferlo in the Sahelian Senegal (Adriansen 2008).
However, constraints of anthropogenic origin such as insecurity, banditry, and farmer-herder conflicts further limit mobility and livestock activities (Schilling et al. 2012; Swallow 1994; Turner et al. 2014).
Crucial aspects of pastoralist specialisation are: 1. the interaction of people, animals and the environment, particularly strategic mobility of livestock and selective feeding; and 2. the development of flexible resource management systems, particularly communal land management institutions and non-exclusive entitlements to water resources (ibid).
Within this framework, the characteristics inherent to insular populations (see below) could make insular scavengers especially vulnerable to the arrival of new pathogens mainly associated with the increasing mobility of livestock [15].
Inclement weather conditions also limit the mobility of livestock populations during epidemic periods.
This is mainly attributed to the nature of pastoral production system: high herd mobility, multiple livestock species herding and increased number of animals per holdings.
Yet productive mobile pastoralism depends on functional livestock mobility, communal land tenure, and flexible governance systems that support pastoral adaptation strategies.
A major limitation of current policy and development efforts to promote livestock mobility is the abstract embrace of livestock mobility.
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