HPIN is based on a novel handoff decision function and carries out localized mobility, fast handoff and access networks discovery.
Most studies have focused considering a single CRN, and therefore, users' mobility and inter-cell handoffs have been neither modeled nor evaluated.
Access technologies can manage intra-link mobility (L2 handoff) and may assist one to trigger L3 handoff.
Integration of WLAN hotspots into next generation cellular networks requires considerations on location management, resource allocation, handoff algorithms and their sensitivity to mobility related features such as velocity of the mobile and the handoff delay.
This requirement is addressed by providing a mobility management function based on location management and handoff management, which are implemented using Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6).
We also distinguish here between link-layer functionalities of the air interface, which are handled by the AP, and IP-layer mobility (L3 handoff), which occurs when the MN moves between subnets served by different LMAGs.
Middle-domain mobility management provides an efficient routing, low registration cost and handoff latency for layer 3 (IP layer) 802.16-based mobile network environment.
