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The propagation channels used follow the Jakes model [21] with a propagation channel impulse response described in GSM standard [22], namely TU50 (typical urban with a mobile velocity of 50 km/h) and HT200 (hilly terrain with a mobile velocity of 200 km/h).
where η and ϵ are the viscosity and dielectric constant of water, respectively, υ is the mobile velocity of the oil droplets in the electric field, U is the voltage and L is the distance between the two electrodes.
Due to the problem of obtaining a reliable CSI at BSs in a high mobility scenario, in the following, we consider fd=5 Hz, which at 2.5 GHz carrier frequency roughly corresponds to a mobile velocity of 2 km/h ([31], Ch. 21).
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The mobile velocity, the number of users, and the number of antennas are varied throughout simulations so as to assess their impact on the system performance.
Quantification of the cell motility by tracking of randomly selected 30 cells revealed that laser illumination alone increased pseudopod mobile velocity, a rate of change in their position regardless of direction over to time, from 2.26±0.09 µm/min in the control, to 3.35±0.09 µm/min in the laser-treated skin (Figure 2C, p<0.001).
Figure 15 The mean square error of the estimated CFO for different values of mobile velocity.
An increase of the velocity by 1 m/s in A1 scenario increases the MSE of the estimated SPO and CFO by a factor of 1.2. Figure 14 The mean square error of the estimated SPO for different values of mobile velocity.
where f D is the Doppler frequency and is given by f D=f c v/c, where f c is the carrier frequency, v is the mobile velocity, and c is the speed of light.
Also, for any given power, the optimal cell size increases when either the mean or the variance of the mobile velocity increases.
Furthermore, one can find that channel estimation error causes array gain loss by comparing the curves of the same mobile velocity but with different pilot SNR while CSI delay causes diversity gain loss by comparing the curves of the same pilot SNR but with different mobile velocities.
The mobile velocity is 500 km/h.
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