The diffusion of mobile money (also mobile payments) has so far been uneven by country.
After three decades of mobile phone diffusion, thousands of mobile-phone-based health projects worldwide ("mHealth"), and hundreds of thousands of smartphone health applications, fundamental questions about the effect of phone diffusion on people's healthcare behavior continue to remain unanswered.
The number of mobile phone subscribers worldwide is approximately 5 billion (1), and the diffusion of mobile phones in low- and middle-income countries is happening faster than any other infrastructural development (1– 3).
The widespread diffusion of mobile phones is triggering an exponential growth of mobile data traffic that is likely to cause, in the near future, considerable traffic overload issues even in last-generation cellular networks.
Then, three steps are sequentially repeated until the whole lattice reaches a steady state (diagrammatic representation in Figure 2): (1) application of logical rules, (2) diffusion of mobile elements and (3) integration of diffused protein into the GRN inputs for the next updating step according to the logical rules.
The bank now diligently rates and ranks emerging economies on such attributes as openness to trade, corruption, the diffusion of mobile phones and so on.Tracking errorBut a puzzle remains.
The last term in Equation 1 represents surface diffusion of mobile species and is proportional to the second derivative of the curvature [22, 23].
A variety of business sectors have been buffeted by the diffusion of mobile technology, a trend that presents a variety of difficult challenges but interesting opportunities to marketers.
Given the widespread diffusion of mobile and portable devices, the possibility of checking the owner identity and controlling the access to the device by the hand image looks particularly attractive and less intrusive than other biometric traits.
In 2011, Prasertsang et al. [18] proposed a dental plaque model consisting of a system of advective reaction-diffusion equations coupled with nonlinear sorption to describe the diffusion of mobile reactants through the tooth enamel and the time variation of the immobile reactants.
