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A 2.4 mm guide pin was positioned using a 55° drill-guide angle.
Osteochondral defects 6 mm in diameter and 8 mm in depth were created using a cannulated 6 mm drill bit, which was preceded by drilling with a 2 mm guide wire.
A 2.4 mm guide pin was then placed in the center of the ACL femoral footprint on each specimen, which was located 3 mm anterior and 12 mm distal to the apex of the deep cartilage (ADC) as described by Hart et al. (Hart et al. 2015).
A 2.4 mm guide wire was then introduced into the joint through the drill guide.
During insertion, the pathway of the 3.2 mm guide wire through the different fluoroscopic planes was controlled virtually.
The hip capsule was widened through a 1.5 mm guide wire with sequential telescoping 4 mm and 6 mm portal dilators (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA).
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The optimal combination of key structural parameters of the XSJ joint is taper 1 16, thread pitch 6.55 mm, guiding surface angle 29°, bearing surface angle 28°, and tooth height 3.755 mm.
A 3.2 mm guiding sleeve was navigated based on 2D-fluoroscopic images (Ziehm Vario, Ziehm Imaging Inc., USA) using a passive optoelectronic navigation system (Vector Vision, Traumasoftware version 2.5.0 and version 2.6.1 since January 2007, Brainlab, Germany) (Fig. 1).
After sedation with romifidine (0.01 mg/kg, iv, Sedivet Boehringerr Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany) and butorphanol tartrate (0.02 mg/kg IV, Torbugesic; Fort Dodge, Wyeth, Madison, New Jersey, USA) all horses had endoscopically (Pentax, Breda, The Netherlands, 170 cm × 12.9 mm) guided bronchial biopsy followed by BAL.
A smooth tipped 2-mm guide wire was introduced into the proximal fragment through the piriform fossa.
The APLR also has 0.9-mm guide bars which extend to pass through the posterior guide tube (Fig. 1c).
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