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Standard tensile specimens ASTM E-8 with 6 mm ɸ × 36 mm gauge length were prepared.
bDuring pre-cracking, the deformation was controlled to the value shown over a central 100 mm gauge length.
The tests were carried out at room temperature with 30 mm gauge length and a 10 mm/min crosshead speed.
Tests on specimens from API X80 grade pipe demonstrated a common pattern of CTOA development for 4, 8 and 10 mm gauge thickness material.
The FS32 specimen cracks were formed while measuring the deformation over a central 100 mm gauge length on the notched surface as shown in Fig. 1c.
The test was controlled by means of crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), using a clip-on extensometer with a ±2.5 mm range and 10 mm gauge length.
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Open image in new window Fig. 7 Stress strain curves Table 5 Transverse tensile properties of the joints 0.2 % Yield strength (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Elongation in 50-mm gauge length Joint efficiency Parent metal 427 452 11.2 – UWFSW-THC 301 327 7.94 72 UWFSW-TTC 322 345 9.17 76 FSW-THC 218 244 9.2 54 FSW-TTC 230 267 9.85 59.
Samples of about 10-mm gauge length were extended at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min.
The blocks obtained were used to construct the cell line array using a tissue microarrayer (Beecher Instruments) and a 2-mm-gauge needle.
Tumoral cells were scraped with a 1 mm-gauge needle in 70% ethanol and collected in vials.
After air-drying for 2 days, we removed the center of each scale with a 2-mm-gauge punch.
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