17b A flask containing a stirred solution of lactam 13 (8.7 g, 43 mmol) and diethyl carbonate (21 mL, 170 mmol) in toluene (70 mL) was fitted with a Dean Stark trap.
Cumulative gas production (CGP (ml)) profiles were fitted to the equation CGP=a+b(1−e−kt).
To test for heterogeneous selective pressure among lineages [ 50], models of variable ω ratios among lineages were fitted by ML to the NIP sequence alignment.
equal to the difference in the number of free parameters allowed by the two models (i.e., alternative [= full model] versus null [= constrained model] hypotheses) All models were fitted by ML nonlinear optimization across a sample of 1,000 of our Beast trees, using a heuristic starting point based (by default) on the state-independent BD model.
All models were fitted using unrestricted maximum likelihood (method = ML).
All models were fitted with maximum likelihood implemented in the program R (ML, lm function; [65].
Following Pinheiro and Bates (2000), maximum likelihood (ML) fitted models were used when these models were compared, whereas models were fitted using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) when we extracted parameter estimates (see main text).
Time-activity curves (as a percentage of injected activity/mL) for all lesions were fitted as bi-exponential functions [35].
Also, the proportion of the sample modelled by the different species was significantly altered: for instance, the SV data for Peak 1 at 0.2 mg/ml were fitted with 60% 'trimer' species and 40% 'hexamer' species, whereas the SE data were fitted with 20% 'trimer', 30% 'hexamer' and 50% 'big-mer'.
A 1 mL microsyringe was fitted to a precision pump MD-10011) and connected to the tubing to provide the perfusate solution.
A 1-ml microsyringe was fitted to a precision pump (CMA 102; CMA Microdialysis AB) and connected to the catheter tubing, and the system was perfused with lactate-free Ringer solution (CMA perfusion fluid; Na 147, K 4, Ca 2.3, and Cl 156 mmol/l; CMA Microdialysis AB).
