At the end of expiration, 100 ml of dead space within the Anaconda, which is situated between the Y-piece and the patient, will contain exhaled carbon dioxide.
This device allows the separation of the initial 500 mL of dead space air from the remaining alveolar air collected in a gas-tight bag.
Thus, considering the increase of 50 ml the patient would face at extubation, we arbitrarily chose to add another 50 ml of dead space in an attempt to ensure an effective burden without overtaxing the patient's respiratory system.
In some patients, 100 ml of dead space may constitute too large a ventilatory load – essentially precipitating failure (and possible respiratory muscle fatigue) in patients who would have otherwise tolerated weaning.
Approximately 200 mL of dead-space air was vented before the bag sample was collected, to reduce contamination from the upper airways (Jobsis et al. 2001).
To determine whether subjecting patients to 100 ml of additional dead space after a 120-minute weaning trial could predict readiness for extubation.
After incubation at 30°C for 2 weeks, a portion (0.5 ml) of the head-space gas was analyzed for N2O by gas chromatography ([Saito et al. 2008]).
After upper joint distention was achieved with 2 3 ml of 2% lidocaine, the space was entered with a sharp trocar, 2.4 mm in diameter, protected by 2.7 mm outer cannula.
After the needle tip had passed through the nerve root foramen and reached the epidural space, 1 mL of contrast medium was injected and the epidural space was confirmed under anteroposterior view.
After inserting an epidural catheter from the L1/2 intervertebral space, 1.5 mL of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was injected via the L3/4 intervertebral space for spinal anesthesia.
Menstrual cups are surprisingly accommodating, though large models usually hold 25 to 30 mL of fluid, which is plenty of space for people with typical flows to last 12 hours.
