The BNI effect of exudates was confirmed using a slurry incubation experiment, where 1.5 mL of concentrated exudate also induced BNI, though only in Lazio soil.
Total RNA (approximately 600 μg) was extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) according to manufactures instructions and small RNA was extracted from approximately 20 ml of Phloem exudate using the mirVana miRNA extraction kit (Ambion).
Approximately 200 J2s were placed into a 3.5-cm diameter well on a 6-well culture plate containing 1 ml of biochar exudates or 1 ml of distilled water for the mock treatment.
The rice roots from 2-week-old plants were drenched with 20 ml of 1.2%% biochar exudates or water.
Different concentrations of silver nitrate (1, 2.5, 4, and 5 mM) were prepared from the above solution, then added to 5 mL of S. arvensis seed exudates.
Different concentrations of silver nitrate (1, 2.5, 4, and 5 mM) were prepared from the above solution, then added to 5 mL of S. arvensis seed exudates and incubated at 25°C as described previously [27].
In preparation for the isolation of peritoneal macrophages, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 ml of 4% thioglycollate, and peritoneal exudate cells were isolated from the peritoneal cavity 4 days post injection.
Table 2 The levels of exudate from the surgical drain POD 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Exudate (mL) 95 140 134 162 178 141 120 25 Fig. 1 Perioperative activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) levels.
From the eluted fractions 10% were analyzed (equivalent to 1.7 mL root exudate), showing no match for any of the expressed AMPs.
