Consequently, the resulting hydraulic shock loads may lead to an acute exposure of aquatic organisms to a complex mixture of traffic-related substances.
Most likely EC and NO2 should be considered representatives of the complex mixture of traffic-related air pollution, rather than the only components causally associated with mortality.
1 7 Whether these associations reflect adverse health effects of NO2 has been a matter of debate. 1 The uncertainty about causality arises largely because of the close correlations between NO2 and other air pollutants in the mixture of traffic-related pollutants, some of which are more plausible toxicants.
Roadway density was significantly associated with eNO, whereas LUR estimates of individual traffic-related pollutants were not, suggesting that local roadways may be a significant source of exposure not captured by the LUR, or that roadway density may better represent the complex mixture of traffic-related air pollution, which includes combustion products, asphalt, and rubber.
NO2 can feasibly be measured at a large number of locations, and it has been widely used as a proxy for the mixture of traffic-related pollutants that vary markedly depending on distance from roadways, season, wind speed, and wind direction.
Some studies have assessed local exposure to traffic-related pollution using measured NO2 (or NOx) as surrogate for the complex mixture of traffic-related pollutants that occurs in close proximity to roadways (Brauer et al. 2007; Gauderman et al. 2005; Jerrett et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Kramer et al. 2000; Nordling et al. 2008).
Because benzene is a marker of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, the association observed might be attributable to a mixture of traffic-related air pollutants, although we cannot completely rule out the existence of indoor sources of benzene not related to cigarette smoke or fuel.
We evaluated inflammatory markers, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, exhaled nitric oxide, and lung function in healthy participants after exposures to varying mixtures of traffic pollutants.
A mixture of river traffic (particularly along the Congo and Kasai) and railways spread it all the way to Kisangani and Lubumbashi (see map).But, though it became widespread, it does not seem to have been common.
In this article, we further extend the related literature by incorporating a mixture of different traffic types.
