Clades III, IV, and XI included a mixture of Afghan landraces belonging to different provinces, along with control NBRP48, which clustered in clade IV.
Accessions of landraces are most often a mixture of hexaploid T. aestivum and tetraploid T. turgidum group durum genotypes, as was evident for 'Sinde' CGN12041 in this study.
A 191 accessions eggplant (Solanum melongena L). association panel, comprising a mixture of breeding lines, old varieties and landrace selections originating from Asia and the Mediterranean Basin, was SNP genotyped and scored for anthocyanin pigmentation and fruit color at two locations over two years.
As landraces are often a mixture of genotypes, which are maintained by the genebank as such in order not to loose variation, we used seeds obtained from individual plants of these accessions.
It may reflect the history of selection in the population of landraces and their geographic origins.
However, the use of landraces for breeding is often hampered by linkage drag.
Indeed, genome-wide polymorphisms of landraces are strongly associated with their local origins [15, 27].
Even though they were arbitratrily classified into modern varieties, most of them were selections of landraces or were from hybrid progeny of landraces [2], [6], and still retained most of the genetic characteristics of landraces.
Clades VI and IX were comprised of landraces from Ghor, Herat, Wardak, Badghis, and Bamyan provinces, while clade X contained landraces collected from Ghor, Herat, and Wardak.
Four of these came from a genebank accession of a landrace (CGN08360, 'Diha Dzhavakhetskaja') that is known to consist of a mixture of tetraploid and hexaploid genotypes with indistinguishable phenotypes [ 35].
