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Here you are creating an entirely new individual with a mixture of genes from two parents, though both of them are female.
Just about everything we do is a mixture of genes, environment, and the accidents of history, with the three inextricably merged together over time.
That virus — once called "a real mutt" by a top virologist — was a novel mixture of genes from flus previously found in humans, birds, North American pigs and Eurasian pigs.
The consortium was put together in 2009, during the pandemic of H1N1 swine flu, which had a surprising mixture of genes from North American and Eurasian pigs but had never been detected in pigs before it was found in humans in Veracruz, Mexico.
As in earlier studies, the team found that the genomes of ancient European farmers represented a mixture of genes from earlier, indigenous hunter-gatherers and incoming agriculturalists.
However, with some regularity, the strands of genetic material from the parents cross-over and recombine as in the bottom of Fig. 1, with a mixture of genes from different parents in the final gametes.
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The reverse transcription of the tRNA from the spleen, kidney and liver of three Vibrio harveyi-challenged fishes and three control fishes sampled at each time point (1, 3, 6, 12, 24 hpi) were performed as above, but using a mixture of gene-specific RT primers and hexamer primers as RT primers for first strand cDNA synthesis.
Thermal conditions were: 25°C, 10 min; 48°C, 30 min and 95°C, 5 min. For the real time PCR, a 30 µl PCR reaction was prepared with 1 µl cDNA (RT product) and 1.5 µl mixture of gene specific probe (FAM dye) and primers from Applied Biosystems.
This reaction contained a mixture of gene-specific primers with M13 tails and the universal labelled M13 primers.
The PCR product contained a mixture of gene amplicons of the same size from different bacterial species that could be separated according to the sequence differences of the variable V3 region in the 16S rRNA gene.
The mosaic picture in extant Proteobacteria might therefore represent the result of a complex mixture of gene duplications with subsequent differential losses and/or potential lateral gene transfer elements.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com