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The TiO2 nanoporous film was immersed in the mixed solution for 3 h in order that TA molecules can be adsorbed on the surface of TiO2 sufficiently (Fig. 1c).
The stir time of mixed solution for PCNS and ACNS is 5.5 and 15 h, respectively.
Then, steep wafers into the HF/H2O2 mixed solution for a few minutes to do the MCCE process.
After the substrate was rinsed with deionized (DI) water, it was immersed in a H2SO4 and H2O2 mixed solution for 10 min at 120°C.
And then, a trace of carboxylic acid is added to the mixed solution for forming the antioxidative conductive copper ink after oscillating the mixed solution using ultrasonic waves.
In addition, to obtain graphene-Ag composite films, 150 mg ascorbic acid was dissolved into the AgNO3 aqueous solution (100 mL, 2 to 300 mg), and the graphene oxide films were soaked in the mixed solution for 5 h.
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The generation of a stable profile was highly dependent on both the inlet flow rate and the inlet viscosity ratio of the mixed solutions for each case study.
In this work, the solvent engineering of mixed solutions for spin-coating uniform perovskite thin films was investigated in detail by adding different ratios of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or γ-butyrolactone (GBL) to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
Subsequently, the clean Au substrates were immersed in the mixed solutions for 24 h to form the mixed SAMs on the Au surfaces.
The arrays were soaked into 0.3 mM N719 dye (Aldrich) of acetonitrile and butanol-mixed solution for 16 h.
In addition, further dilutions were prepared from the 10 μg mL−1 mixed solution of all toxins for the preparation of solvent and matrix-matched standards.
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