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Agricultural intensity on the surveyed farms was quantified by mean farm stocking rate, calculated as livestock units per ha (LU/ha), and generalised linear mixed models used to evaluate relationships between stocking rate and the incidence of chosen bioindicator groups.
In most linear mixed models used in animal breeding, it is usually assumed that residual variance is constant across genotypes.
The mixed models used in this study are complex models that are not easily interpreted – especially if many degrees of smoothing have been used.
In all the linear mixed models used for testing age-related changes in interindividual methylation variation, DNA methylation was entered as a dependent variable.
The epistasis section of the Methods has therefore been much enlarged, and a new Methods section "Equations" presents all linear mixed models used in this paper.
In all the linear mixed models used for testing age-related changes in within-pair methylation discordance, the within-pair difference was entered as a dependent variable.
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The strength of relationships between latitude and genetic diversity (He and Na), physiological versatility, resilience and heatwave impact were tested with linear mixed models using R v.3.2.2.
We tested for diversity patterns related to each room's categorical (room type, floor level, and floor type), and continuous variables (number of windows and doors leading to the outside) with generalized linear mixed models using the R package lme4 28.
Linear mixed models, using a heterogeneous first-order autoregressive covariance structure and restricted maximum-likelihood estimation, were performed to assess the effects of ketamine versus placebo on SHAPS scores over the 4-week period in this crossover design.
To correct for the population structure in these Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, single-trait genome scan was performed based on linear mixed models, using the polygenic and mmscore procedure in GenABEL.
Data were analyzed in linear mixed models using repeated measures within herd where MFP was considered the outcome variable.
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