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The mating system of weedy rice populations was calculated from 5527 progeny using a multilocus mixed mating model [36], based on six highly polymorphic SSR loci.

This is the standard formula for the classical mixed mating model where diploids can self- or cross-fertilise but it is not appropriate in malaria where 'selfing' occurs between haploid genotypes.

To estimate outcrossing, six highly polymorphic SSR loci were used to analyze >5500 progeny from 216 weedy rice families, applying a mixed mating model; to estimate genetic diversity and differentiation, 22 SSR loci were analyzed based on 301 weedy individuals.

Outcrossing rate estimates were calculated using multilocus and average single locus estimates (respectively tm and ts) based on Ritland's mixed mating model [ 38].

For a mixed mating model in the absence of inbreeding depression, Fe is estimated as: Fe = (1- tm)/(1+ tm) [ 16].

The average correlated paternity varied from 0.488 ± 0.086 in GML to 0.999 ± 0.164 in HLG with the Ritland mixed mating model, and from 0.432 ± 0.051 in GML to 0.602 ± 0.026 in HLG using TWOGENER (Table  5).

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To confirm the reliability of the assignment procedure, two estimators of correlated paternity based on the following approaches were conducted: rp was estimated with the outcrossing rate fixed at 94%, and F and rt were fixed at zero by Ritland's mixed mating system model.

Single-locus and multilocus patch outcrossing rates (t s and t m, respectively) were calculated with the MLTR program [ 99], with Newton Raphson iteration, which fits the observed proportions of genotypes descended from a known maternal genotype to the proportions expected under the mixed-mating model [ 100, 101].

We performed a mixed-mating model analysis using the software MLTR 3.0 [ 70], to assess the relation between selfing rate and flowering time, by estimating the mean outcrossing rates t m in each phenological group (from the second to the fifth, because we had no seeds for the first group) from the multilocus genotypes of the seeds harvested on the mother trees, using an EM algorithm.

Eastern (or northern) white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L). provides an ideal model species to study SGS in core versus peripheral populations of declining and long-lived plant species with mixed mating system.

Early models suggested that self-fertilization (selfing) and outcrossing could be considered as alternative stable strategies and mixed mating a transitional state between the two (Lande and Schemske 1985), yet more than 40%% of plant species exhibit mixed mating systems (Goodwillie et al. 2005).

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