Coniferous-dominated forests supported higher abundances of several species types compared to mixed forests, including liverworts, acrocarpous mosses, and species that have greater moisture requirements, dioicous sexuality, or infrequent sporophyte production.
Mixed forest (including canopy palms and tropical hardwood trees) contained the greatest total carbon stock in the soil (1884 Mg C ha−1), followed by Rhizophora mangle (mangrove, 1771 Mg C ha−1), Campnosperma panamensis (hardwood, 1694 Mg C ha−1) and Cyperus (sawgrass) bog plain (1488 Mg C ha−1).
In the eastern part of its range, its preferred habitat is old-growth open deciduous or mixed forest, including orchards, parks, suburban gardens and cemeteries; it is found mainly in the lowlands, although it breeds at 1675 m altitude in Tennessee.
Characteristic species of mixed-conifer forests include shade-intolerant species such as sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), and shade-tolerant species such as white fir (Abies concolor), California red fir, and incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens).
Rodents in the forests include squirrels, white Arctic hares, and (in the mixed forests) gray hares and beavers.
The three forests include a Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest (MPF pioneer community, a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (MF transition community and a monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (MEBF climax community.
There were observed 46 vascular plant species in the understory of deciduous, mixed and evergreen Nothofagus forests, including four ferns, 12 monocots and 30 dicots (Additional file 1).
In relation to ecological characteristics of the species in our megafaunal fruits dataset, 37.5% are from the Amazonian forest, 13.5% from Atlantic forest, 9.7% from caatinga and cerrado vegetation types, and 28.9% from semideciduous and mixed forest types (including a variety of formations).
Indeed, although as much as 80 percent of Europe's land was once forested, in the early 21st century various forests (including both boreal and mixed types) covered only about 30 percent of the continent.
The Forestry Commission controls extensive forests, including Rannoch Forest.
