This is less than or equal to d (since e≤d), thus (i) mixed pre/post duplication outgroups are expected to lead to less NST signal than are two pre-duplication outgroups, and (ii) a more closely related post-duplication outgroup is expected to lead to less NST signal than for a more distant one (i.e., small e value).
For mixed pre/post duplication outgroup pairs the length of the KNST branch is d-e1 (Figure 2c,d) regardless of which duplicate is retained in species X.
Thus if both duplicates are equally likely to be retained, the average KNST branch length is d-e1, the same as for mixed pre/post duplication outgroups.
For instance, for the mixed pre/post duplication outgroup case shown in Figure 2c, the gene tree contains a known non-species tree (KNST) branch (shown in blue) dividing A+C+X from B+Y, which contradicts the known A+B+C group.
This resulted in both mixed messages and unnecessary duplication.
Compared to existing GPU implementations of optimization metaheuristics, which are often based on data duplication or mixed sequential/parallel solving, the advantage of the proposed model is that it is decentralized and based on data decomposition.
The β part is a duplication of mixed beta-sheet of 5 strands ordered as 2-1-3-5-4 wito sthend 5 antiparallel tothersothers.
P. caudatum and T.pyriformis ciliates had a better duplication in the mixed than in the pure bacterial suspensions, while H. grandinella did not develop in mixed culture, but grew and multiplied only in the pure Shigella suspension (1.2 times/day).
Lack of organizational oversight for CPI activities had also led to duplication of effort, mixed accountability, and difficulty in remaining focused on organizational goals.
To explore these issues, we chose the H3K4 methyltransferase Mll2/Wbp7, which is the sister of Mll (mixed lineage leukemia) by gene duplication [ 14].
