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Two major caspases activation pathways, death receptor and mitochondrial pathways, have been well characterized.
While mitochondrial pathways have not been associated with allergic rhinitis pathogenesis in traditional descriptions [ 1] or genetic studies of the disease [ 4, 8, 9], our findings and those from laboratory-based studies of airway dysfunction support a role for mitochondrial perturbations in allergic rhinitis pathogenesis.
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An apparent lack of several typical mitochondrial pathways has led some to suggest that these organelles might be hydrogenosomes, anaerobic organelles related to mitochondria [5, 6].
However, one of the mitochondrial pathways has been recognized in budding yeast as essential for cell viability: the generation and maturation of Fe-S prosthetic groups (ISCs) for both mitochondrial and extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins (Kispal et al. 1999; reviewed in Lill and Kispal 2000; Kaniak-Golik and Skoneczna 2015).
They also observed that mitochondrial pathway has strongest effect on apoptosis (among the three pathways) [ 4].
The cell nonautonomous regulation of longevity by mitochondrial pathway has also been recently described (Durieux et al., 2011).
This synergy between the death receptor and the mitochondrial pathway has been observed in lung cancer cells, colon carcinoma and other types of tumors.
Caspase-independent apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway has also been reported after treatment of colon cancer cells with α-mangostin [ 37].
It is well documented that apoptosis can be induced by a variety of drugs with diverse chemical structure and different mechanism of action; and two major routes including the death-receptor pathway and the mitochondrial-pathway have been identified [5].
It is well documented that apoptosis can be induced by a variety of drugs with diverse chemical structures and different mechanisms of action, and two major routes including the death-receptor pathway and the mitochondrial-pathway have been identified [ 40].
Over the last several years many mitochondrial translocation pathways have been discovered.
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