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Hence, we established that NGB prevents respiratory chain impairment, therefore, protecting visual function otherwise compromised by mitochondrial energetic failure.
For instance, benzene poisoning increased the content level of lipid peroxidation products and mitochondrial energetic activities [39], and high peroxidation products level was reported to induce epigenetic alterations in human carcinogenesis [40].
Indeed, it is well known that a mitochondrial energetic dysfunction may play a role in migraine pathogenesis, that MetSyn could further impair mitochondrial metabolism increasing oxidative stress, and that nutraceuticals involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolism (Riboflavin, CoQ10, and magnesium) can be used as migraine prophylactic treatments.
A progressive loss of mitochondrial energetic capacity, which is observed in diverse organisms including humans, is linked to age-associated decline in the expression of genes important for mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function and energy metabolism (Petersen et al., 2003; McCarroll et al., 2004; Zahn et al., 2006).
Collectively, the results of the study suggest that, while the mitochondrial energetic function plays an important role in regulating the apoptotic process, its dysfunction has a limited influence on the suppression of apoptotic induction in OHCs following exposure to intense noise.
Importantly, the comparison of the mitochondrial energetic capacity in both cell types after treatment with GBE indicates a recovery of the disturbed bioenergetic homeostasis found in APP cells.
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During the transition from acute to chronic 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine
This is of obvious relevance because neuronal excitability depends on energy metabolism and because convergent data from various laboratories have shown that brain oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial functioning, and energetic production are significantly reduced in the brain of migraineurs between attacks [44 46].
This could give an indication for altered mitochondrial metabolic and energetic functions after hyperoxia.
These profound structural defects were accompanied by changes in the regulation of genes that are central to mitochondrial function and energetic metabolism.
Under energetic demand, mitochondrial NADH can also be regenerated through the inner mitochondrial membrane-resident nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) (Yin et al., 2012).
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