Challenges associated with collecting evidence of the effects of agricultural management on water quality at the catchment scale, the potential for pollution swapping, the cost-effectiveness of mitigation practices, and approaches to governance of water quality management are also discussed.
Therefore, Haden et al. (2012) suggest that farmers are more likely to adopt mitigation practices which also have a tangible benefit to the individuals involved (e.g. nitrogen management, using less energy) than those of more general impact.
Without these mitigation practices, we will continue to lose core forest as a result of new pipelines and infrastructure particularly on private land.
The mitigation practices that are applied to curb methane emission from rice paddies include mid-season drainage, intermittent irrigation, no-till and the use of alternative fertilisers (Hussain et al. 2015; Linquist et al. 2015; Zhao et al. 2016).
Exploration of the data allows researchers to determine the optimized conditions (within the given levels used in the experiment) that generate the minimal flux, and hence provide essential information on which to base mitigation practices in an effective way.
Medium and large-scale producers on the other hand had higher KAP index scores on beliefs on safe practices, past actions of disposing of dead birds, and past actions of risk mitigation practices and reporting sick birds compared to smaller-sized producers.
Among other rill erosion mitigation practices, farmers have historically built ditch networks to intercept runoff upstream of cultivated plots.
Decision on whether mitigation practices should be taken or what measures need to be implemented must be made in the very early stage of a severe drought or even prior to paddy transplanting.
However, due to the random nature of rainfall occurrences and their amounts, which leads to the spatiotemporal variability of stream flows, success of such decisions cannot be guaranteed and government agencies are often criticized for failing to take timely and appropriate mitigation practices or, sometimes, for making false-alarm decisions.
"Our analyses of current peer-reviewed studies and of new water-quality data from WV streams revealed serious environmental impacts that mitigation practices cannot successfully address... Clearly, current attempts to regulate [mountaintop removal mining] practices are inadequate".
