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The final SNP (rs4666451) had 5.8% missing values, failed the HWE cutoff (P<0.001) and had an OR that deviated from that reported (MAF was 0.35).
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A regression model with pairwise exclusion failed where missing values remained for the ACD variables, therefore these cells were replaced with mean values, the ensuing model resulting in an almost identical model to that obtained when excluding these two variables.
For the outcomes 'pain at present' and 'a period of pain', there were no missing values at baseline; however, 77 respondents failed to answer either question at both follow-ups, and 242 answered the one-year follow-up but not the two-year follow-up.
File comments by the RNs indicated that missing values usually occurred when residents refused or failed to comprehend what was requested.
Of the 274 respondents, 37 respondents failed to provide a response on at least one choice scenario in the health survey (90 missing values on the dependent variable); three of which failed to provide a response on any of the choice scenarios in the health survey (accounting for 21 of the 90 missing values on the dependent variable).
Single imputation of missing values usually causes standard errors to be too small, since it fails to account for the fact that we are uncertain about the missing values.
However, these methods based on a limited number of descriptive attributes tend to fail if one or more of these attributes contains missing values [7].
Missing values were rare with no individual variable having >2% missing data, and no participant failed to respond to >2 questions in a domain or questionnaire.
In the rare situation where a participant failed to answer one or more of the questions that made up a scale score, missing values were replaced with mean values for that organization.
Missing values are grey.
Missing values are also white.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com