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We then used this model to estimate missing values according to the observed patient's characteristics.
Multiple imputation was performed on the initial data set to account for missing values, according to fully conditional specification procedure available in the SPSS v.21 package.
However, the reliability of the SQUASH total score was insufficient (ICC = 0.60) in our analysis including patients with imputation for missing values according to the SQUASH guidelines (data not shown).
Analysis was conducted using three possible datasets: (i) imputation of missing values according to the last observation carried forward (LOCF) methodology; (ii) an observed cases methodology (that is, the absence of data imputation); and (iii) considering patients with missing data as nonresponders.
Due to the relatively high patient dropout rate of this study, analysis was conducted on two different datasets: one with an imputation of missing values according to the last observation carried forward (LOCF) methodology and the other in the absence of data imputation (that is, the observed cases [OCs]).
The time course of both pH and PaCO2 values during CPAP treatment in the acidotic groups, based on diagnosis at admission, as well as in controls is depicted in Figure 4, after replacing the missing values according to the last observation carried forward technique and after adjustment for age, sex and systolic blood pressure.
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A 5-point Likert responses scale is utilized for each item (0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often, 3 = almost always, 4 = always), and a not applicable option is added for subjects if the item is not suitable for them (When scoring, " not applicable" would be regarded as missing value according to the scoring manual).
Any negative branch lengths are corrected in a subsequent step as is the estimation of divergence times for nodes missing such values according to a pure-birth model based on relative clade sizes (see [ 122]).
Missing values were handled according to the questionnaire manuals.
Scoring and substitution of missing values was performed according to existing manuals.
Scoring and substitution of missing values was performed according to manuals (12, 17).
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