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If a BLLOQ flag is positive for any of these variables and if the variable itself has a missing value, the value of the affected variable is set to 0. Non-missing value variables BLLOQ values with flags were left unchanged.
Missing data were imputed by substituting for the missing value the scale mean rounded to an integer.
Then, multiple imputation was used to generate ten values for each missing value, the mean of which was substituted for the missing value.
MotifSampler is a variant of Gibbs sampling that introduces a higher-order Markov background model and incorporates a Bayesian mechanism to estimate the missing value: the number of motifs occurring in each sequence [ 39].
There were no significant differences between participants who did and did not complete the exit survey in terms of age, gender or Aboriginal status (all p's > .05, data not shown).> -wrap-foot> a1 missing value The percentage of participants agreeing with statements assessing the two types of feedback (i.e., those responding 'yes') are shown in Fig. 2.
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Fig. 3 The first plot for estimates of missing values; the second plot for the errors in estimating missing values.
After deleting respondents with missing values, the sample size reduced to n = 2851 observations.
Due to missing values, the N may vary per item.
For categorical variables with missing values, the missing level was not included in this hypothesis test.
Following imputation of the missing values the 3-Factor model accounted for approximately 73%% of the variance.
After deleting the missing values, the number of observations in the sample is 254,321.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com