We selected a mean observed OR for a hypothetical group of missing studies to be 1.3 based on the observed upper range of the ORs in the studies identified in our review.
For more specific evaluation of the presence and extent of publication bias we used the non-parametric trim and fill method according to Duval and Tweedie, 51 which imputes missing studies in the funnel plot based on symmetry assumptions.
By doing so, we may have missed some local studies based on regional trauma organizations.
The small number and size of the included studies, as well as significant differences of the baseline levels of specific outcomes between intervention and control arms in parallel studies, the missing report of a paired t test in crossover studies, and a variety of studies based on missing or poorly reported data present further weaknesses of the review.
Epidemiologic studies based on a data with missing information on exposure, outcomes, and potential confounders can bias the study results, unless the missing occurred randomly [ 7].
eIncludes missing study-related visit costs that were not reported in provider reimbursement data, but that were imputed based on study visits attended.
Taken together, these observations imply that field studies based solely on CFT are prone to miss individual animals at the later stages of infection.
A steady increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been reported in studies based on different methods, requiring adjustment for participation and missing data.
Phylogenomic studies based on multi-locus sequence data sets are usually characterized by partial taxon coverage, in which sequences for some loci are missing for some taxa.
The information regarding clinical staging which we obtained from medical records, and which had been missed in a previous study based on pathological records [ 13], is an important research finding and has contributed to the debate regarding the reasons for the poorer survival of women form socio-economically deprived areas with breast cancer.
