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As forensic officers worked to identify the dead and reconcile their names with those listed as missing, questions were being raised on whether the factory followed fire and building safety standards.
The answers to these missing questions were then filled in using the 'Replace of missing values' option in SPSS, using the series median value.
However, these missing questions were replaced with the following: "During the past week, how much time have you had trouble sleeping for example, having trouble falling asleep or waking up too early and unable to get back to sleep"; "During the past week, how much of the time have you had trouble concentrating or keeping your mind on what you're doing?"; and "You are a burden on others" (Table 1).
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In univariate analysis, mean number of missing questions was significantly associated with age at diagnosis for all sections lowest for men ≤59 years and highest for those ≥70 years of age at diagnosis.
Wherever possible, participants who had missed questions were telephoned.
The missed questions were then repeated, giving participants the option to complete each of the unanswered questions or to confirm that they have chosen to skip the questions.
Thus, the probability of missing questions 6 was linked to the response of question 6 itself (an unknown characteristic in real missing data situations).
Any missing questions and errors were corrected with the interviewers, or by returning to the household when necessary.
Kappa for variables derived from objective questions (antenatal care, cesarean delivery, place of birth) were calculated including and excluding these cases (missing questions) and there was no significant difference in Kappa values (data not shown).
Tailored exams adjust themselves according to how the tester's doing; they get harder when you're doing well and easier when you're missing questions.
Secondly, due to an unforeseen change in the set-up of the study, the second sample was missing questions on demographics, facilitating and inhibiting reasons, as well as the vaccination status of the participants.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com