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The sets of missing packets in sink,, define a -dimensional space.
(R_{i} in mathcal {X}_{c}), the targeted critical receiver can still receive (W_{i}^{1:ell }) missing packets in the exact (Q = W_{i}^{1:ell }) transmissions.
In fact, an affected receiver will definitely not be able to decode all its missing packets in the remaining Q transmissions.
The critical graph (mathcal G_{c}^{1:ell }) includes the vertices generated from the missing packets in the first ℓ video layers at the critical receivers in (mathcal C^{1:ell }).
Even more errors can be introduced while the decoder tries to conceal for the prediction residuals and/or motion vectors lost due to missing packets in the IP bitstream.
The first mechanism, called IRR, immediately requests lost packets when a packet loss occurs and the second mechanism, called BCSD, requests missing packets in a reduced number of transmissions.
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Note that when the design criterion for the first ℓ+1 video layers is satisfied, the design criterion for the first ℓ video layers is certainly satisfied since the number of missing packets of any receiver in the first ℓ video layers is smaller than or equal to that in the first ℓ+1 video layers.
That is why reducing the communications involved in correcting for missing packets is the aim of another bandwidth-expanding and energy-saving technology, known as network coding (see "A Bandwidth Breakthrough").
Whenever missing packets are detected, the respective sequence numbers are included in a NACK packet, which is sent to the previous node.
The latter can be performed hop-by-hop, in which case intermediate nodes keep lists of missing packets and cache recently forwarded packets.
It can be stated that the missing packets of all receivers need to be attempted at least once in order to have a possibility of delivering all the missing packets to all receivers.
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